Instrumentation

Explanation: A spectrofluorometer measures and records the intensity of fluorescence emitted from a sample in a defined range of wavelengths. Spectrofluorometers can generate excitation and emission spectra. It is one of the most sensitive analytical techniques and has low detection limits.  

Key Applications: Fluorometry can be for the determination of concentration, reaction kinetics, and conformational analysis of organic and inorganic samples. 

Explanation: A spectrophotometer measures and records the intensity of light absorbed and transmitted by a sample within the ultraviolet and visible light wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum and produces a spectrum of the measured intensity against the wavelengths at which it occurred. 

Key Applications: UV/Vis spectroscopy can be used for identification, quantification, absorbance and transmittance analysis, reaction kinetics, and conformational analysis of organic and inorganic samples. 

Explanation: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a non-destructive characterization method that leverages the magnetic properties of specific nuclei to produce a spectrum of peaks. These peaks contain information about the spatial orientation, quantification, and chemical environment of atoms in organic, metal-organic, and biochemical molecules. 

Key Applications: Analysis of an NMR spectrum provides information about the molecular structure, functional groups, nuclei quantification, molecular dynamics, and chemical environment of the sample. 

Explanation: The GC-MS combines gas chromatography with mass spectrometry to separate volatile compounds in a sample by their polarity, size, and mass-to-charge ratio. 

Key Applications: Determining Volatiles and Semi-volatiles in soil, water, and crops, forensic/crime scene analysis. 

Explanation: The Waters Prep HPLC is a programmable High Performance Liquid Chromatography system, which separates, identifies, and quantifies components of a liquid mixture.   

Key Applications: This system is used to separate specific compounds from liquid samples, analyze their purity, and collect them before further analysis. 

Explanation: The LC-MS combines liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry to separate analytes in liquid solutions based on their polarity, size, and mass-to-charge ratio, thereby determining their identity and structure. This LC-MS uses an orbitrap mass spectrometer system. 

Key applications: Verifying compounds created during chemical synthesis, determining synthesized chemicals' structure, and identifying unknown compounds.